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Collura and Beccaro also noticed the timestamp, which is used to determine whether the ticket must be stamped again each stamp is valid for 90 minuteswas stored in a part of the chip set in read and write mode. They locked the OTP bites into their current state with the number of rides that remained. At this point, they noticed a part of the ticket that allowed them to turn the OTP sector in read-only mode, meaning the data can't be modified - so the stamping machine can't change anything on it. This was possible because Mifare Ultralights are not encrypted, so the data inside is readable with any NFC device. When they started to study the tickets, the teens first tried out last year's hack, which was exposed to the public by Corey Benninger and Max Sobell.īut it didn't, because unlike the tickets in San Francisco and New Jersey, the ones in Turin enabled one-time programmable bits OTPwhich are bytes that turn from zero to one after each ride. After the crowd erupted in laughter, he shrugged, and simply added: "Google.
The two decided to study ticket security after the city of Turin implemented NFC-enabled cards in January.īeccaro and Collura first needed to find out how the chips worked, which turned out to be easy. Conferences like Def Con let hackers expose holes so companies can fix them. They claim the hacks are fairly easy to reproduce.
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Matteo Collura, 19, and Matteo Beccaro, 18, uncovered two new security holes that allow them to timestamp the ticket with an NFC-enabled Android phone and turn a limited-ride ticket into an unlimited one. These tickets, MiFare Ultralightsare used in many major cities around the world.
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Just several months later, two teenage Italian hackers discovered even more ways to hack the same type of ticket for free rides, even against the security feature that the system lacked last year.
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The iCopy-X is the most versatile Proxmark-powered device to date - a culmination of many efforts to make an electronically stable, physically compact and portable device that is easy to use, while maintaining full control for expert users. In September 2021, the "iCopy-X" was released - a completely portable and standalone RFID Cloning device with an embedded Proxmark 3. There are revisions optimised for in-the-field use, such as red-teaming or pen-testing, and desktop versions tweaked for research use in the office or lab.
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There has been a rapid evolution of the hardware and software in the last few years, resulting in mature and minaturised versions of the hardware. Its versatility has seen it adapted to many industries and uses: from RFID enthusiasts, academic research, product development, law enforcement and penetration testing. Originally built by Jonathan Westhues over 10 years ago, the device has progressively evolved into the industry standard tool for RFID Analysis. The Proxmark is an RFID swiss-army tool, allowing for both high and low level interactions with the vast majority of RFID tags and systems world-wide.
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